Commons:Tự do toàn cảnh

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Copyright rules
Freedom of panorama tại các quốc gia châu Âu   OK, bao gồm nội thất các công trình công cộng   OK   OK, nhưng chỉ áp dụng cho các công trình kiến trúc   Không được   OK đối với nội thất các công trình công cộng. Tuy nhiên, cần phải chú ý đó là theo luật pháp Hà Lan, ngoại trừ nhà ga xe lửa ra, trường học, nhà hát opera, sảnh vào các doanh nghiệp và các viện bảo tàng không được xếp vào diện địa điểm công cộng.   Không xác định hoặc không rõ

Freedom of panorama tại các quốc gia châu Âu

 
OK, bao gồm nội thất các công trình công cộng
 
OK
 
OK, nhưng chỉ áp dụng cho các công trình kiến trúc
 
Không được
 
OK đối với nội thất các công trình công cộng. Tuy nhiên, cần phải chú ý đó là theo luật pháp Hà Lan, ngoại trừ nhà ga xe lửa ra, trường học, nhà hát opera, sảnh vào các doanh nghiệp và các viện bảo tàng không được xếp vào diện địa điểm công cộng.
 
Không xác định hoặc không rõ

Tại hầu hết tất cả các quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ trên thế giới, các tác phẩm nghệ thuật, kiến trúc cũng như các loại hình tác phẩm khác đều được bảo hộ quyền tác giả. Điều này đồng nghĩa với việc mọi bức ảnh chụp một tác phẩm bất kỳ đang trong thời gian bảo hộ quyền tác giả đều được xem là tác phẩm phái sinh.

Một tác phẩm phái sinh thường cần tới sự cấp phép của tác giả gốc. Tuy nhiên tại khoảng một nửa quốc gia trên thế giới có một ngoại lệ trong luật bản quyền khiến việc xin phép không còn cần thiết. Chúng tôi gọi nó là Tự do toàn cảnh (TDTC), hay còn được gọi là freedom of panorama (FOP) trong tiếng Anh.

Các quốc gia thường có những khác biệt trong việc xác định các loại hình tác phẩm nào được miễn giấy phép của tác giả gốc. Tuy nhiên, một điểm tương đồng thường thấy đó là việc TDTC thường áp dụng lên các tác phẩm được trưng bày tại nơi công cộng. Tại một số quốc gia, ngoại lệ này thường chỉ được áp dụng đối với phần bên ngoài của những địa điểm công cộng, nhưng tại một số quốc gia khác thì ngoại lệ trên bao gồm cả nội thất bên trong (bao gồm cả những nơi thu phí tham quan). TDTC có thể chỉ áp dụng đối với các tác phẩm kiến trúc; đối với tác phẩm kiến trúc và tạo hình; hoặc đối với tất cả các loại hình tác phẩm có thể được bảo hộ bản quyền (bao gồm tác phẩm văn học).

Lưu ý là tại tất cả quốc gia trên thế giới, mọi người có thể tự do chụp ảnh một tác phẩm bất kỳ sau khi nó đã hết hạn bảo hộ quyền tác giả (gồm cả các quốc gia không áp dụng Tự do toàn cảnh).

Các tòa nhà và tác phẩm điêu khắc là tác phẩm nghệ thuật

Collegium Stomatologicum ở Poznan [pl], tác giả của tác phẩm được mô tả trong bức ảnh là Grzegorz Sadowski.

Mọi tòa nhà và tác phẩm điêu khắc mà chúng ta thấy trong khu phố của mình đều phải tuân theo luật bản quyền, miễn là nó kết hợp với tính sáng tạo nghệ thuật. Công ước Berne, điều 2-1 nêu rõ như sau: "Thuật ngữ "tác phẩm văn học và nghệ thuật" sẽ bao gồm […] tác phẩm vẽ, hội họa, kiến trúc, điêu khắc, khắc và in thạch bản".

Thông thường, các đạo luật về quyền tác giả đề cập đến đối tượng đó một cách rõ ràng như chủ đề của chúng. Điều này được sao chép trong luật pháp quốc gia (ví dụ Luật Bản quyền Hoa Kỳ trong §102-8).

The owners of buildings should not be assumed to hold the copyright of their buildings. For this reason, in countries without freedom of panorama, Wikimedia Commons requires proof of copyright release from the copyright holder when hosting any images of those buildings. If the owner of a building uploads an image to Commons, presume that they do not own the copyright. Ask them to provide either proof of copyright transfer from the architect to them, or otherwise, ask them to direct the architect to apply a Commons-compatible license to the image.

Tình trạng pháp lý của hình ảnh

The Berne convention Article 9 explicitly states that:

  1. Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form.
  2. It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.
  3. Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.

This has been reproduced for instance in § 106 of the US Copyright Law, and corresponding national laws.

According to copyright laws, then:

Taking pictures of buildings is a reproduction, which must theoretically be authorized by the architect if the right to reproduction is not in the national copyright law.

This is the situation for any derivative work based on any artistic creation.

Photographs of buildings

A photograph of a building or even any scene in a city or a village inevitably depicts some pieces of architecture or even sculptures. The photograph may or may not have its own creative element, making it a work of its own, but the value of this work clearly depends on the value in the works that are depicted on it. In case of such a dependency, the photograph is deemed to be a derivative work. This restriction on building photographs is often weakened by the de minimis principle.

Some de minimis cases may be explicit in national laws, but the principle may apply also otherwise. In some countries there is a separate clause for photographs or pictures of buildings in public places (or of any works of architecture).

Choice of law

The question of what country's law applies in a freedom of panorama case is an unsettled issue. There are several potentially conflicting legal principles, any of which might be used to determine the applicable law (see Choice of law). The law used is likely to be one of the following: the country in which the object depicted is situated, the country from which the photograph was taken, or the country in which the photo is used (published/viewed/sold). Because of the international reach of Commons, ensuring compliance with the laws of all countries in which files are or might be reused is not realistic. Since the question of choice of law with regard to freedom of panorama cases is unsettled, current practice on Commons is to retain photos based on the more lenient law of the country in which the object is situated and the country in which the photo is taken. For example, North Korea has a suitable freedom of panorama law, while South Korea's law, limited to non-commercial uses, is not sufficient for Commons. As a result of the practice of applying the more lenient law, we would generally retain photos taken from North Korea of buildings in South Korea (e.g., File:Joint Security Area from North Korea.jpg) as well as photos taken from South Korea of buildings in North Korea (e.g., File:070401 Panmunjeom3.jpg).

Uploading images covered under Freedom of Panorama to the Commons

When uploading images subject to Freedom of Panorama provisions to the Commons, please tag them with an FoP template, which contains a legal explanation on the copyright status of the work, and sorts the image into a category of images subject to these provisions. If the country the image is taken in does not have these provisions, or only allows them for non-commercial purposes, they cannot be licensed under a license compatible with our Licensing policy and must be deleted. Please file requests for deletion at Commons:Yêu cầu xóa.

For images of artwork that are covered by Freedom of Panorama in the country where the photo was taken, the {{Not-free-US-FOP}} template can be included to advise reusers that the US (where Commons is hosted) has no Freedom of Panorama provisions for artwork and that the image might not be freely reusable in the US. This template should not be used for images that only show architectural works, which are covered by US Freedom of Panorama provisions.

Nuances in the panorama freedom – German case

We will discuss here the case of the German legislation. Here is the content of §59 of the German Copyright Law (Urheberrechtsgesetz, UrhG):

  1. It shall be permissible to reproduce, by painting, drawing, photography or cinematography, works which are permanently located on public ways, streets or places and to distribute and publicly communicate such copies. For works of architecture, this provision shall be applicable only to the external appearance.
  2. Reproductions may not be carried out on a work of architecture.

Quoted from an English translation.

Publishing of reproductions

The article above allows one to reproduce and publish photographs taken in public places. It is understood that this includes publishing the pictures in a commercial way.

Public places

German law allows photographers to take pictures that are visible from publicly accessible places. This includes private ways and parks with common access. However, it does not include railway station buildings or platforms. The picture must be taken from a publicly accessible point. It is not permitted to take a picture of such a building from a private house or from a helicopter.

In other countries, these restrictions are sometimes less stringent. For instance, the Australian, Austrian, British, Mexican, Indian, and United States laws allow taking pictures of publicly accessible interiors.

Permanent vs temporary

The exhibited objects must be exhibited in a permanent way. If a work is presented on a public place temporarily, one may be obliged to get the explicit permission to take its picture.

Whether a work is installed at a public place permanently or not is not a question of absolute time, but a question of what the intention was when the work was placed there. If it was put there with the intention of leaving it in the public place indefinitely or at least for the whole natural lifetime of the work, then it is "permanent".

A sculpture is typically placed with the intent of leaving it for an indefinite time. But if it was clear from the beginning that it would be left there only, say, for three years and then be moved to a museum, then the placement was not "permanent". On the other hand, if a sculpture was placed with the intent of leaving it "open end", but is then removed due to new construction plans some time later, its placement remains "permanent" even if the sculpture is eventually removed.

Even quickly decaying works can thus be "permanent" and therefore be subject to freedom of panorama. Street paintings, ice, sand, or snow sculptures rarely last more than a few days or weeks. If they're left in public space for their natural lifetime, they are considered "permanent" all the same. But if, for instance, an ice sculpture is exhibited only for a few hours and then moved to cold storage, it may not be permanently placed. (See also archived discussion of 09/2013).

Architecture vs sculptures

German law allows photography of both buildings and sculptures. The situation in the United States is different. See below.

Music, literature etc.

Sometimes, a literary work is a part of a building or sculpture or is presented on a publicly accessible plaque. In most jurisdictions, the literary work has a separate copyright which must be considered separately unless it is an integral part of the building or sculpture. A plaque describing the building or sculpture will not qualify unless the work is in one of the eleven jurisdictions which include an exception for literary works.

Acknowledgment of source

The copyright law usually obliges the photographer to credit the authors of works depicted in his photograph. That usually means that the photographer must provide a description of the depicted objects and the authors thereof. However, the photographer can be exempted from the obligation when the authorship is difficult to deduce. For instance, German copyright law says in §62 that the photographer does not need to credit the author if authorship is not clearly present on the object that is depicted.

The right to modify

The panorama freedom is restricted to taking pictures of the actual objects. Generally, the freedom to modify such pictures is restricted. For example, the German law in §62 forbids any modifications except those technically required by the method of replication.

Further derivative works

A derivative work based on a photograph is most often also a derivative work based on the depicted object. The panorama freedom usually does not include the delegation of the right to authorize the derivative works. The author of a photograph has the right to authorize the derivative work based on the photograph only to the extent that results from the creative element of their work. However, they do not have the right to authorize the derivative work in the extent associated with the original object.

Pictures of public domain objects

Public domain objects are not protected by copyright, so objects of this kind can be freely photographed and the pictures can be published both royalty free and commercially, at least so far as copyright law is concerned (there may be contractual or other restrictions on picture-taking, though, especially on private property). Moreover, pictures of public domain objects can be freely modified and derivative works can be freely developed. For example, old buildings and statues where the architect or artist died more than a certain number of years ago (depending on the country), are in the public domain.

Nuances in the panorama freedom – United States case

The United States copyright law only provides a usable exception for reproductions, publications, and distributions of images of works of architecture that are still in copyright, as provided by the law's Section 120(a). Copyright regulations define "buildings" as follows:

  • The term building means humanly habitable structures that are intended to be both permanent and stationary, such as houses and office buildings, and other permanent and stationary structures designed for human occupancy, including but not limited to churches, museums, gazebos, and garden pavilions. (37 CFR 202.11)

Monuments, statues, gravestones, and other created works can be a problem, as can historical plaques.

Keep the following general (but non-exhaustive) rules in mind:

  • Any artwork or sculpture from before 1929 is automatically in the public domain (PD).
  • Any artwork or sculpture from 1929 to 1978 is PD if it does not have both (a) the word "Copyright" or the © symbol, and (b) the creator's name. The date is not required on sculptures, but is on text. There are several exceptions to this rule, but they are not very common.
  • Any artwork or sculpture from 1978 to 1 March 1989 is PD if tangible copies of it were subsequently sold – with copyright holder's authorization – and its copyright was not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office within 5 years. There are some exceptions to this rule, like a work gaining copyright protection even without registration due to reduced formalities.
  • Any artwork or sculpture from after 1 March 1989 is generally not PD.

For more information on what constitutes publication and other important details, see Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US.

Situation in different countries

This section presents more detailed accounts of the legal status of freedom of panorama in different countries and regions. This is not legal advice, but just for informational purposes.

Map

Summary table

Freedom of panorama by country (Must include commercial use)
Country Buildings 3D artwork 2D artwork Text Public interiors
Afghanistan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Albania ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ✗
Algérie ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ [1]
Andorra ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Angola ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓[2]
Antigua và Barbuda ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Argentina ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ?
Armenia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ?
Úc ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Áo ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ [4]
Azerbaijan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bahamas ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Bahrain ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bangladesh ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Barbados ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Belarus ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bỉ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Belize ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Bénin ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bhutan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bolivia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Bosna và Hercegovina ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Botswana ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Brasil ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Vương quốc Bru-nây ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ?
Bulgaria ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Burkina Faso ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Burundi ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Campuchia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cameroon ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Canada ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Cabo Verde ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Trung Phi ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tchad ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Chile ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Trung Quốc ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓
Colombia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Comoros ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Congo ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Costa Rica ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Croatia ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ✗
Cuba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Curaçao ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Cộng hòa Síp ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Séc ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ?[5]
Đan Mạch ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Djibouti ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Dominica ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Dominica ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Đông Timor ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓[2]
Ecuador ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Ai Cập ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
El Salvador ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Guinea Xích Đạo ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Eritrea ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Estonia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Eswatini ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Ethiopia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Fiji ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Phần Lan ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Pháp ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Gabon ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Gambia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Gruzia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Đức ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Ghana ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hy Lạp ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Grenada ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Guatemala ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Guinée ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Guiné-Bissau ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ?
Guyana ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Haiti ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Honduras ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hồng Kông ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Hungary ✓ ✓ ✓[6] ✗ ✗
Ai-xơ-len ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Ấn Độ ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Indonesia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Iran ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Iraq ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Ireland ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Israel ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Ý ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Bờ Biển Ngà ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Jamaica ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Nhật Bản ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ?
Jordan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Kazakhstan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Kenya ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ?
Kiribati ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Kosovo ✓ ✓ ? ? ?
Kuwait ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Kyrgyzstan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Lào ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Latvia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Liban ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Lesotho ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Liberia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Libya ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Liechtenstein ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ?
Litva ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Luxembourg ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Ma Cao ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ✗
Madagascar ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Malawi ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Malaysia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Maldives ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Mali ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Malta ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ?
Mauritanie ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ [1]
Mauritius ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
México ✓ ✓ ✓ ?[7] ✓[8]
Micronesia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Moldova ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Monaco ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Mông Cổ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ?
Montenegro ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Maroc ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Mozambique ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Myanma ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Namibia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nauru ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nepal ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hà Lan ✓ ✓[9] ✓[9] ✓ [10]
New Zealand ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Nicaragua ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Niger ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nigeria[11] ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ?
Bắc Macedonia ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Na Uy ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Oman ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Pakistan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Palau ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nhà nước Palestine ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Panama ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Papua New Guinea ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Paraguay ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ✗
Peru (Andean Community) ✓ ✓ ✓ ?[12] ✓[13]
Philippines ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Ba Lan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Bồ Đào Nha ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓[2]
Qatar ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Romania ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nga ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Rwanda ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Saint Kitts và Nevis ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Saint Lucia ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Saint Vincent và Grenadines ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Samoa ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
San Marino ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
São Tomé và Príncipe ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓[2]
Ả Rập Saudi ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Sénégal ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Serbia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Seychelles ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Sierra Leone ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Singapore ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Slovakia ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ?
Slovenia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Quần đảo Solomon ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Nam Phi ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hàn Quốc ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Nam Sudan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tây Ban Nha ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Sri Lanka ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Sudan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Suriname ✓ ✓[9] ✓[9] ✓ ✗
Thụy Điển ? ? ? ✗ ?
Thụy Sĩ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Syria ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Đài Loan ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tajikistan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tanzania ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Thái Lan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ?
Togo ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tonga ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Trinidad và Tobago ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Tunisia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ [1]
Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Turkmenistan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Tuvalu ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Uganda ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Ukraina ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland ✓ ✓ [3] ✗ ✓
Hoa Kỳ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Uruguay ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ [14]
Uzbekistan ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Vanuatu ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Thành Vatican ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Venezuela ✓ ✓ ✓ ? ✗
Việt Nam ✗[15] ✗[15] ✗ ✗ ✗
Yemen ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Zambia ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Zimbabwe ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Notes
  1. ↑ a b c d Limited to locais/lugares públicos (public locations)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Works of artistic craftsmanship" are OK, "graphic works" are not – see United Kingdom section for commentary.
  3. ↑ Except for works, which themselves are components of the structure, including windows in churches and such.
  4. ↑ Limited to verejná prostranství (public spaces), the listed examples do not include interiors but they are not excluded explicitly.
  5. ↑ Applies only to fine arts, architecture, and applied arts. Does not apply to photographs and maps.
  6. ↑ The Mexican law doesn't have a position on this use.
  7. ↑ Due to the Mexican law not mentioning what public means, it's supposed that it's also possible.
  8. ↑ a b c d Dutch and Surinamese freedom of panorama do not extend to public photographs, maps, applied art, industrial design, and models.
  9. ↑ According to existing jurisprudence and legal literature on Dutch FOP, interiors of transportation facilities like railway stations, airports, and covered parking lots are covered by the exception, as well as shopping mall indoors (but not shops within the shopping malls). The exception does not apply to the interiors of schools, operas, entrance halls of businesses, museums, hotels, cafés, and shops.
  10. ↑ The new Copyright Act, 2022 of Nigeria, effective 17 March 2023, restricted freedom of panorama to audio-visual and broadcasting media only. Only affects uploads starting on that date. Uploaded photos prior to that date are still under the effect of the old, superseded law and can still be hosted.
  11. ↑ The Peruvian law indicates for "work of art" and may include text that does not pass the threshold of a literary work. However, the right of quotation of texts exposed to the public applies.
  12. ↑ In architectural works of public areas is permitted regardless of whether they are in external or internal locations with exceptions. In other works are limited in "public places".
  13. ↑ Museum indoors only.
  14. ↑ a b 2022 revision of Vietnamese copyright law restricted freedom of panorama to non-commercial use, effective 1 January 2023. Only affects uploads from 2023 onwards. Pre-2023 uploads are still under the effect of the old, superseded law and can still be hosted.

Freedom of panorama for tallest works of architecture

Whether freedom of panorama at buildings taller than 500 m. (Blue icon= There is freedom of panorama in this country. Red icon= There is no freedom of panorama in this country.)
Whether freedom of panorama at world's tallest towers TOP 7

Consolidated rules

Tự do toàn cảnh
châu Phi‌châu Mỹ‌châu Á‌châu Âu‌Châu Đại Dương‌Others

Click on the links to the right to see consolidated freedom of panorama rules for all countries in each broad region. The lists include countries for which rules have yet to be defined.

Shortcuts

The shortcuts below lead to sections giving freedom of panorama rules for each country, where available. If no freedom of panorama rules have been defined for a country, the shortcut leads to the page giving copyright rules for the country.

See also

  • {{Licensed-FOP}} template for formatting and internationalization of licenses of FOP images

Bibliography

  • Vogel. In: Gerhard Schricker (Hrsg.): Urheberrecht. Kommentar. 2. Auflage. Beck, München 1999, ISBN 3-406-37004-7
  • Dreier. In: Thomas Dreier/Gernot Schulze: Urheberrechtsgesetz. 2. Auflage. München: Beck 2006 ISBN 340654195X
  • Cornelie von Gierke: Die Freiheit des Straßenbildes (§59 UrhG). In: Hans-Jürgen Ahrens (Hrsg.): Festschrift für Willi Erdmann. Zum 65. Geburtstag. Heymann, Köln u.a. 2002, S. 103-115, ISBN 3-452-25191-8

Liên kết ngoài

This page is based on the German Wikipedia article Panoramafreiheit

Ghi chú

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